GLP-1 Medications for Weight Loss: What You Need to Know

Weight management can be challenging, and for many people, diet and exercise alone aren’t always enough. In recent years, a class of medications known as GLP-1 receptor agonists—including familiar names like Ozempic®, Wegovy®, and Mounjaro®—has transformed the landscape of weight-loss care. These medications were originally developed for diabetes but have been shown to support significant, sustained weight loss in many patients.

Here’s your GLP-1 “101”—how these medications work, their benefits, their risks, and who may (or may not) be a good candidate.

What Are GLP-1 Medications?

GLP-1 stands for glucagon-like peptide-1, a naturally occurring hormone that helps regulate:

• Appetite
• Blood sugar
• Digestion
• Feelings of fullness

GLP-1 medications mimic this hormone, helping the body feel satisfied sooner and stay full longer. Some newer medications also activate GIP receptors—another hormone involved in appetite regulation—which can boost effectiveness.

Common GLP-1 medications include:

• Semaglutide (Ozempic®, Wegovy®)
• Tirzepatide (Mounjaro®, Zepbound®)
• Liraglutide (Victoza®, Saxenda®)

How Do They Support Weight Loss?

GLP-1 drugs work in several ways:

• Reduce appetite by affecting hunger signals in the brain
• Slow digestion, helping you feel full longer
• Regulate blood sugar, reducing cravings and stabilizing energy
• Improve metabolic function, which can support healthier body composition

Many people lose 10–20% of their body weight, and some see even greater results depending on the medication.

Who Might Benefit?

GLP-1 medications may be considered for:

• Adults with a BMI ≥30, or
• Adults with a BMI ≥27 with weight-related health conditions, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or sleep apnea
• They are often recommended for people who have not achieved meaningful weight loss through lifestyle changes alone—or who need additional medical support to reduce obesity-related risks.

The Pros: Why These Medications Are Game-Changing

1. Clinically Significant Weight Loss: These drugs have demonstrated greater average weight loss than any previous FDA-approved medication.
2. Improved Metabolic Health: Patients often see improvements in:
   • Blood pressure
   • Cholesterol
   • A1C levels and insulin sensitivity
   • Inflammation
3. Heart-Health Benefits: Some GLP-1 medications are FDA-approved to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular events in people with diabetes or heart disease.
4. Reduced Cravings and Emotional Eating: By stabilizing hunger cues, many people find it easier to make healthier food choices.
5. Non-Surgical Option: For individuals not ready (or not eligible) for bariatric surgery, GLP-1s offer an alternative with meaningful outcomes.

The Cons: What Patients Should Know

1. Side Effects Are Common—Especially Early On: Digestive symptoms are the most common:
   • Nausea
   • Vomiting
   • Diarrhea or constipation
   • Reduced appetite
   • Abdominal discomfort
   
   These often improve as the body adjusts.
2. Long-Term Commitment: Most people regain weight if they stop the medication. GLP-1s are most effective when used as part of a long-term, comprehensive weight-management plan that includes nutrition, activity, sleep, and behavioral support.
3. Cost and Insurance Challenges: Coverage varies widely. Some plans cover these medications only for diabetes, not weight loss.
4. Potential Risks: While uncommon, risks may include:
   • Gallbladder issues
   • Pancreatitis
   • Dehydration
   • Rare thyroid-tumor risk (in animal studies)
   
   These medications are not recommended for individuals with certain thyroid cancers, significant gastrointestinal disease, or a history of pancreatitis.
5. Supply Shortages: Some GLP-1 medications have experienced ongoing shortages, making refills difficult to obtain.

Are GLP-1 Medications Right for You?

Choosing a weight-loss medication is highly personal. These drugs work best when combined with:

• Healthy eating
• Physical activity
• Good sleep
• Stress management
• Ongoing medical supervision

Your provider will consider your health history, goals, existing conditions, and medications to determine if a GLP-1 therapy is appropriate.

Final Takeaway

GLP-1 medications have opened the door to new, more effective options for weight management. While they aren’t right for everyone—and aren’t a quick fix—they can be a powerful tool for people looking to improve their health, reduce their risk of chronic disease, and reach a healthier weight.

If you’re curious about GLP-1 medications, talk to your provider about whether this approach aligns with your health goals and long-term wellness plan.